Literature+Review

**Research question: **What are the causes of problem in programming subject? **Possible answer: **The causes of problem in programming subject is the declaration of variable (too complex), teaching environments and languages.  the construct is hidden and the declaration becomes unreadable to a non-C++-  programmer. || One of the results will be that the programming environment available for teaching  has a major influence on the quality of the overall system. Because of its great importance, we will devote a separate column in a coming issue of JOOP to the  discussion of programming environments for teaching.    || One obvious problem is that students <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">use parts of the language that are not in the officially sanctioned subset (because <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">they read examples from a textbook). The teacher then needs to explain why it <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">should not be used, or accepts its use and is forced to deal with it. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">  || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">etc. may not identify the corresponding declaration uniquely. In order to provide <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">unique names to different procedures, types and variables, we adopt a common convention. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> ||  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-  || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Extremely important features of first-order logic are a formal language and a <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">clear notion of models. The models are so-called first-order structures or, simply, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> structures. || <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Literature Review ** **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1.0 ****__<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Introduction __** <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Problem in programming subject among students is caused by different factors such as declaration of variable, teaching environments and the languages. Most students especially the 2nd Year BCS of FSKKP student are having problem in this subject. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2.0 ****__<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Declaration of variable __**<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Declaration <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">of variable is the first point of the causes of problem in programming subject to 2nd Year BCS of FSKKP student. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Michael Kolling (1999) find that declaration of variable <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> is a syntax similar to variable assignment, the meaning of <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> the construct is hidden and the declaration becomes unreadable to a non-C++- programmer. Based on that statement by Michael <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Kolling, programming cannot be run when it has any syntax errors in the coding. Relevant variable is the most important thing to make the programme running smoothly and successfully. In this case, lots of student always declare variable which it does not relate to it. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A.N.Habermann (1973) find the most similar cause of <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">problem in programming subject with <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Michael Kolling. According to Habermann, a sound programming principle is to declare a variable at the place where it is used. So, students need to check their coding whether the variable is at the correct place or not. It greatly affects the programme. Sometimes students are not focus on that and become careless when they are typing the coding. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Yuri Gurevich (1988) find that the name of procedure, a variable and etc may not identify the corresponding the declaration uniquely. In order to provide unique names to different procedures, types and variables, they adopt a common convention. Moreover, to make sure all of the declarations are correct, students should jot down the different name of variable to show that they are unique. In fact, students are so confusing to compare variable each other. As the result, it cause problem to run any programmes. **<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3.0 ****__<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Teaching environments __** <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The second point is <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">teaching environments. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Michael Kolling (1999) state that one of the results will be that the programming environment available for teaching has a major influence on the quality of the overall system. Because of its great importance, they will devote a separate column in a coming issue of JOOP to the discussion of programming environments for teaching. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The environment is should be related to the student’s level. As we know, student are not at the same level. That is why we need to use teaching tools to help student improving in programming subject. Besides that, it will attract student to be curious in this subject. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A.N.Habermann (1973) state that programming such a sorting problem in a constructive and systematic way requires that the action of merging two sections can be written as a module that fits in an environment to which only the external specification of that module is relevant. If there is not any relevant, it may cause problem to the programme. As the result, student will not achieve what they want in programming subject. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Yuri Gurevich (1988) is not state any teaching environments. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4.0 ****__<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Languages __**<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Languages is the third point for <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">the causes of problem in programming subject. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Michael Kolling (1999) find that one obvious problem is that students use parts of the language that are not in the officially sanctioned subset (because they read examples from a textbook). The lecturer then needs to explain why it should not be used, or accepts its use and is forced to deal with it. Student’s own understanding will cause the problem. They need to ask people who expert in the programming subject such as lecturer, programmer and others. According to the step, students can solve their problem in programming which it quite difficult for them. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A.N.Habermann (1973) find that Pascal (programming) is supposed not to contain the features and construct of other languages that are hard to explain and are said to be an “insult to minds trained in systematic reasoning”. In this case, students need to use the simple language and not suggest them to use too hard or complex language which it may cause lots of problem in programming. Student always demand to use the high level of language for their programming, but they do not know how to solve it when it becomes trouble on it. Furthermore, the simple language is more easy to explain and understand compared to the hard language. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Yuri Gurevich (1988) find that it extremely important features of first-order logic are a formal language and a clear notion of models. The models are so-called first-order structures or, simply, structures. A formal language is well-defined models which it persists through familiar generalizations of first-order logic. **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">5.0 ****__<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Conclusion __** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">As the conclusion, there is a different <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">causes of problem in programming subject. They are the declaration of variable, teaching environments and languages. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Students have their own <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">causes of problem in programming subject and need to face and solve it wisely. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> **<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6.0 ****__<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Reference List __** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kolling, (1999). //The problem of teaching object-oriented programming.// School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Monash University, pg1-15. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Habermann, (1973). //Critical comments on the programming language Pascal.// Springer-Verlag, 3, pg47-57. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gurevich, (1988). //Logic and the challenge of computer science.// Computer Science Press, Inc., pg1-57. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tiltle of report proposal: **<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Problem in programming subject among the 2nd Year BCS of FSKKP students
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Author’s name  ||  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Declaration of variable   ||  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teaching environments <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">   ||  <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Languages <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">   ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Michael Kolling  || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">By employing a syntax similar to variable assignment, the meaning of <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A.N.Habermann   || <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A sound programming principle is to declare a variable at the place where it is used.  || <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Programming such a sorting problem in a constructive and systematic way requires that the action of merging two sections can be written as a module that fits in an environment to which only the external specification of that module is relevant.  || <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pascal is supposed not to contain the features and construct of other languages that are hard to explain and are said to be an “insult to minds trained in systematic reasoning”.  ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Yuri Gurevich  || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The name of a procedure, a variable, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">